When the Byzantine warrior emperor Basil II died in 1025 he left an empire that had doubled in size during his reign and presented a serious Challenger to its Muslim neighbours. Unfortunately for the Byzantines, subsequent emperors could not maintain the impetus achieved under Basil. They became embroiled in the ecclesiastical politics that provoked the "Great Schism" of 1054 - a theological split between the Orthodox and Western churches...

The origins of the Greek civilization remain intractably obscure, but it is certain that the 5th millennium witnessed a startling expansion of trade and cultural interchanges.The origin of the Greeks is a still much-debated subject. Greek is part of the Indo-European language group, and earlier scholars associated it with a branch of the "Aryan" people, emerging from somewhere in central Asia. Waves of these settlers who spoke different...

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